I-Dow Jones Industrial Average: izinkampani ezingu-30 ezikhulu, zilandelelwe ngesikhathi sangempela
Uma izindaba zakusihlwa zithi "imakethe" ikhuphukile noma iwile, inombolo ezijwayele ukusho i-Dow. I-Dow Jones Industrial Average, noma i-DJIA, ingesinye sezikhombisi zakudala kunazo zonke ezilandelwa kakhulu zemakethe yamasheya yase-United States, futhi ishadi eliphila le-TradingView elingenhla lilandelela njengoba lihamba osukwini lohwebo. Kodwa nakuba ludumile kangaka, i-Dow yakhiwe ngendlela engajwayelekile - ilandelela izinkampani ezingu-30 kuphela futhi izilinganisa ngentengo yesheya kunosayizi wenkampani. Leli khasi lichaza ukuthi i-Dow Jones iyini, ukulinganiswa ngentengo kuhluke kanjani nokulinganiswa ngenani lemakethe kwe-S&P 500, kungani abezindaba beyicaphuna njalo, yini eyishukumisayo, kanye nendlela yokufunda ishadi ngokwakho.
I-Dow Jones Industrial Average iyini
I-DJIA iyisikhombisi semakethe yamasheya esakhiwe izinkampani ezingu-30 ezidumile, ezisungulwe kahle ezibhalisiwe emawuhawuzini okuhwebisa ase-US. Yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo-May 26, 1896 nguCharles Dow, umsunguli obambisene wale-Wall Street Journal kanye ne-Dow Jones & Company, kanye nozakwabo u-Edward Jones. Lokho kuyenza ibe isikhombisi sasekudala kunazo zonke sase-US esisasetshenziswa njalo. Inani lamalungu likhula laba ngu-30 ngo-1928 futhi lihlala njalo kusukela kuleso sikhathi, nakuba amagama athile eshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba ikomiti eqhuba isikhombisi ishintshanisa izinkampani ukuze igcine sibonisa umnotho obanzi wase-US.
Nakuba ligama elithi "industrial" liyingxenye yegama layo, i-Dow yesimanje ayikhawulelwe kumafemu namafektri esisindo esikhulu kuphela. Amalungu ayo asakazeka ku-technology, ezezimali, ezempilo, ezokuthengiselana, kanye nezimboni zabathengi - uhlobo lwezinkampani ezinkulu, ezinenzuzo ezivame ukubizwa nge-blue chip. Ngoba uhla lulincane futhi lukhethiwe kunokuba luyilokho okuguqukayo ngokwesibopho, i-Dow kungcono iqondwe njengesithombe esikhethiwe ngesandla soMelika wamabhizinisi kunemepha ephelele yayo yonke imakethe.
Indlela ukulinganiswa ngentengo okusebenza ngayo - futhi ihlukile kanjani ne-S&P 500
Uphawu oluchazayo lwe-Dow ukuthi ilinganiswa ngentengo. Ukuthola isikhombisi, uhlanganisa amanani amasheya azo zonke izinkampani ezingu-30 bese wehlukanisa ngenombolo eyodwa ebizwa nge-Dow Divisor. Le nombolo ikhona ukugcina isikhombisi siqhubeka phakathi kwezenzakalo ezifana nokuhlukaniswa kwamasheya, ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhizinisi, kanye nezinguquko zamalungu, ukuze lezo zenzakalo zokuqhutshwa zingazibangeli ngokwazo ukugxuma okungeqiniso. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yokulungiswa, i-divisor manje ingaphansi kuka-1, yingakho inani le-Dow elishicilelwe likhulu kakhulu kunesamba esilula samanani amasheya angu-30.
Umphumela ukuthi inkampani enentengo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe isisindo esiningi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhizinisi likhulu kangakanani ngempela. Isheya elihweba ngo-$400 linyakazisa isikhombisi cishe izikhathi ezine kunesheya elihweba ngo-$100, ngisho noma inkampani engu-$100 ibiza kakhulu ngokuphelele. Ukunyakaza kuka-$1 kunoma yiliphi lungu elilodwa kushintsha isikhombisi ngamaphuzu afanayo, ngakho amasheya abiza kakhulu abusa.
I-S&P 500 yakhiwe ngomgomo ohluke ngokuphelele. Ilinganiswa ngenani lemakethe elilungisiwe nge-float, okusho ukuthi umthelela wenkampani ngayinye uvela enani layo lonke lemakethe yamasheya - intengo yesheya iphindwaphindwe ngenani lamasheya omphakathi atholakalayo. Ngaphansi kwaleyo ndlela izinkampani ezikhulu ngenani, hhayi ngentengo yesheya, ziyashukumisa isikhombisi. Lokhu kubonwa kabanzi njengesithombe esithembeka kakhulu sendlela amadola emakethe ehlukaniswe ngayo, esinye isizathu sokuthi izikhwama eziningi ze-index zilandele i-S&P 500 kunokuba zilandele i-Dow.
Kungani i-Dow icashunwa kabanzi kangaka
Uma sicabangela ukungajwayeleki kwayo, kungani i-Dow isaba inombolo yezindaba ezinkulu? Umlando kanye nomkhuba kuchaza iningi lakho. Njengesikhombisi sakudala kunazo zonke esisasetshenziswa njalo, i-Dow inokwaziwa okungaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, futhi izigaba zayo zezinombolo eziyindilinga zenza izindaba ezikhumbulekayo. Amalungu ayo angu-30 ngamagama aziwa kubo bonke, ngakho isikhombisi esisodwa esiyisisekelo sizwakala silula kubaleli abajwayelekile. I-Dow futhi inelungelo lomlando omude, ongaphulwe evumela ababhali bezindaba bakwazi ukuqhathanisa imakethe yanamuhla neminyaka eminingi edlule. Abatshalizimali, izikhungo, kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo bonke basebenzisa izikhombisi zase-US njengesivumelwano somuzwa wemakethe, futhi i-Dow yavele yaqala kuqala futhi yancamathela.
Yini eshukumisa i-Dow
Ngoba i-Dow iphethe izinkampani ezinkulu, ezizwelayo emnothweni, isabela emandleni abanzi ashukumisa inzuzo yamafemu. Izinqumo zamazinga enzalo eziveza ku-Federal Reserve zingezinye zezinkulu kunazo zonke: amazinga aphansi avame ukusekela amasheya, kuyilapho ukukhuphulwa kwamazinga kungacindezela. Imininingwane yokwenyuka kwamanani, imibiko yemisebenzi, kanye nezibalo zokukhula komnotho konke kushintsha ukulindelwa kwenzuzo yesikhathi esizayo. Imiphumela yamafemu nayo ibalulekile - inzuzo yekota evela emalungwini e-Dow ngamunye ingashukumisa sonke isikhombisi, futhi ngenxa yokulinganiswa ngentengo, ukumangala okuvela elungwini elibiza kakhulu kunomthelela omkhulu kakhulu. Izenzakalo zezombangazwe, inqubomgomo yohwebo, kanye nezinguquko emoyeni jikelele wokufuna ubungozi kuqedela uhla lwemikhono evamile eyishukumisayo.
Indlela yokufunda ishadi
Qala ngesikhathi. Ukubuka kwesonto noma kwenyanga kuveza ukuthambekela kwesikhathi eside kanye nemijikelezo emikhulu; ukubuka phakathi nosuku kubonisa indlela imakethe isabela ngayo ezihlokweni ezintsha njengesimemezelo se-Fed noma umbiko obalulekile wenzuzo. Bheka isekelo nokuphikisana - amazinga entengo lapho isikhombisi siye saguquka khona ngokuphindaphindiwe esikhathini esidlule, avame ukubaluleka futhi. Bheka indlela ukuguquguquka okuqoqana ngayo eduze kwezenzakalo ezihlelwe njengemihlangano yebhange elikhulu kanye nemibiko yokwenyuka kwamanani. Ukuze uthole umongo, kuwusizo ukuqhathanisa i-Dow ne-S&P 500 ebanzi; uma lezi zimbili zihlukana, imbangela ivame ukuba ukulinganiswa ngentengo kwe-Dow kukhulisa ukunyakaza kwesheya elilodwa noma amabili abiza kakhulu. Ungabuye uhlole zonke izimakethe ukubona indlela izikhombisi zase-US ezihlala ngayo eceleni kwezimali, izimpahla, kanye nemali yedijithali.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa
Zingaki izinkampani eziku-Dow Jones?
I-Dow Jones Industrial Average ilandelela izinkampani ezingu-30 ezikhulu, ezisungulwe kahle zase-US. Inani lihlale ku-30 kusukela ngo-1928, nakuba amalungu athile eshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba ikomiti yesikhombisi ishintshanisa izinkampani.
Kusho ukuthini ukulinganiswa ngentengo?
Kusho ukuthi umthelela wenkampani ngayinye esikhombisini uvela entengweni yesheya layo, hhayi usayizi wayo wonke. Amanani amasheya angu-30 ahlanganiswa futhi ehlukaniswe nge-Dow Divisor, ngakho isheya elinentengo ephakeme kakhulu linyakazisa isikhombisi kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkampani inkulu kangakanani.
I-Dow ihlukile kanjani ne-S&P 500?
I-Dow ilinganiswa ngentengo kuzo zonke izinkampani ezingu-30, ngakho amasheya abiza kakhulu abusa. I-S&P 500 ilinganiswa ngenani lemakethe kumafemu angu-500, ngakho amabhizinisi amakhulu ngenani lonke ashukumisa. I-S&P 500 ngokuvamile ibonwa njengesikali esibanzi kakhulu, esimelayo kangcono.
Iyini i-Dow Divisor?
Yinombolo amanani amasheya ahlanganisiwe ehlukaniswa ngayo ukukhiqiza inani lesikhombisi. Iyalungiswa ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwamasheya, ukuhlukaniswa kwamabhizinisi, kanye nezinguquko zamalungu ukuze lezo zenzakalo zokuqhutshwa zingaphambukisi isikhombisi. Ngemuva kokulungiswa okuningi manje ingaphansi kuka-1.
Yini eshukumisa i-Dow Jones?
Izinqumo zamazinga enzalo ze-Federal Reserve, imininingwane yokwenyuka kwamanani nemisebenzi, izibalo zokukhula komnotho, inzuzo yamafemu evela emalungwini ayo, kanye nezinguquko ezibanzi zokufuna ubungozi. Ngenxa yokulinganiswa ngentengo, ukunyakaza kwelungu elibiza kakhulu kunomthelela omkhulu kakhulu.
Kungani i-Dow icashunwa kabanzi kangaka ezindabeni?
Iyisikhombisi sasekudala kunazo zonke esisasetshenziswa njalo sase-US, kususela ngo-1896, futhi amalungu ayo angu-30 ngamagama aziwa kubo bonke. Lowo mlando omude nokwaziwa kwenza yaba inombolo yezindaba ezinkulu ezijwayelekile, nakuba abatshalizimali abaningi belandela i-S&P 500 ngokuseduze kakhulu.
Lesi sihloko sokwaziswa kuphela futhi akulona iseluleko sokutshala imali. Amazinga esikhombisi angaguquguquka futhi ukusebenza kwangaphambilini akuqinisekisi imiphumela yesikhathi esizayo. Yenza ucwaningo lwakho ngaphambi kokwenza noma yisiphi isinqumo sezezimali.