Ikheli lami le-IP

Lokhu ikhasi elikutshela khona ngokuphathelene ne-IP yakho

Ngomzuzu owavula ngawo leli khasi, iseva yethu yasogwini yabona inombolo ifika nesicelo sakho — ikheli lakho le-IP elisemphakathini. Yilokho ikakhi ye-inthanethi elisebenzisa ukukuthola, futhi ithuluzi elingenhla lifunda lelo kheli ngqo kuxhumo. Eduze kwalo uzobona umhlinzeki wakho, inethiwekhi elingaphansi kwayo, kanye nombono ocishe uqonde ukuthi uxhuma kuphi.

Akulutho lomlingo noma umgoqo wokuphepha — yiwo wonke amawebhusayithi owaphathayo athola imininingwane efanayo ngokuklama, ngoba uma kungenjalo ikhasi olicelayo belingeke libe nendawo lapho iyoya khona. Idatha lapha ivela osogwini olusakazekile lwe-Cloudflare; asiyigcini futhi asiyihlanganisi negama. Ukuze wenze imephu yekheli, zama ithuluzi lokuthola indawo nge-IP.

I-IP yasemphakathini ne-IP eyimfihlo

Ikheli lapha yi-IP yasemphakathini yakho: umnyango owodwa wangaphambili inethiwekhi yakho iyonke ekhombisa umhlaba. Ngemuva kwawo, idivayisi yakho yokuxhuma inikeza amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo ahlukene (asaziwayo athi 192.168.x.x noma 10.x.x.x) angaze aphume endlini, iwaphathe ngalelo kheli elilodwa lasemphakathini kusetshenziswa i-NAT (Network Address Translation). Yingakho ucingo lwakho nekhompyutha yakho engenhla ku-Wi-Fi efanayo yabelana ngekheli lasemphakathini elilodwa, kanti idatha yeselula inikeza elinye.

I-IPv4 ne-IPv6: kungani ungabona amakheli amabili

Ungase ubone amakheli amabili angafani nhlobo — yi-IPv4 ne-IPv6, izinhlobo ezimbili zohlelo olusebenza ndawonye namuhla.

• I-IPv4 iyisakhiwo esidala esaziwayo — izinombolo ezine ezisukela ku-0 kuya ku-255 ezinamachashazi phakathi kwazo, njenge-203.0.113.42. Kunazo cishe ezingu-4.3 billion kuphela; i-inthanethi yaziphelelwa eminyakeni edlule, yingakho i-NAT yaba ejwayelekile kangaka.
• I-IPv6 yindawo enkulu ekhona esikhundleni sayo — amaqoqo ayisishiyagalombili wezinombolo ze-hexadecimal ehlukaniswa ngamakholoni, njenge-2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334. Njengoba iyi-128-bit, inikeza amakheli anele adivayisi zonke emhlabeni ukuba nelalo.

Uma ubona womabili, uxhumo lwakho "lu-dual-stack" futhi lusebenzisa noma yikuphi okwesekwa uhlangothi olulodwa. I-IPv6 igcina kancane ithatha izikhundla, kodwa i-IPv4 ayikaze iyoshabalala masinyane.

Umhlinzeki (ISP) ne-ASN: ubani onobunikazi bekheli lakho ngempela

I-IP yakho akusiyo eyakho ngendlela engapheli — ikuboleke umhlinzeki wakho (Internet Service Provider), inkampani oyikhokhelayo ngoxhumo. Yingakho ithuluzi likwazi ukubaqamba: amakheli ahanjiswa emaqoqweni, abhaliswe emphakathini kunoma ubani obasebenzisayo.

I-ASN (Autonomous System Number) ijula ngokwengeziwe. Uhlelo oluzimele luyingxenye ye-inthanethi — ngokuvamile umhlinzeki oyedwa noma inethiwekhi enkulu — olusebenza ngendlela yalo yokuqondisa ngaphansi kwenqubomgomo eyodwa, futhi ngalinye linikezwa inombolo eyodwa yalo, njenge-AS13335 ka-Cloudflare. Njengoba ithrafikhi indiza kulo lonke i-inthanethi ihamba isuka kolunye uhlelo iye kolunye, futhi i-BGP, iphrothokholi ehlanganisa konke, isebenzisa lawa ma-ASN ukuthola indlela. I-ASN ivamise ukusho okwengeziwe kunegama lohlobo: umhlinzeki weselula, umnikazi we-server nomgudu wasekhaya kubukeka kuhluke kakhulu kuleli zinga.

Indlela ukuthola indawo nge-IP okusebenza ngayo — nokuthi kungani kuwukuqagela nje

Abantu bavame ukungaliqondi kahle leli, ngakho kufanele sikusho ngokusobala: ikheli le-IP alinayo indawo yakho. Idolobha nesifunda oyibonayo kuyisilinganiso, sakhiwe kumarekhodi okubhalisa, izindlela umhlinzeki wakho azimemezelayo, kanye nezinqolobane zikamabhizinisi eziqhutshekiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Leso silinganiso sithembekile ezingeni lezwe — ngokuvamile ngaphezu kuka-99% — kodwa siba ntekenteke njengoba usondela eduze. Isifunda singase sibe silungile amathuba amabili kwamathathu; ukuqagela ezingeni ledolobha kuvame ukuba njengokuphonsa ikhoyini. Idatha yeselula iya endaweni yomhlinzeki yedolobha elinye, i-VPN ikhombisa indawo yeseva, futhi amakheli asetshenziswa kabili aguquguquka njengoba izinqolobane zisala emuva. Ngakho uma idolobha libukeka lingalungile, akuvamile ukuthi kuyisiphosiso — kungumkhawulo walokho i-IP engakukhombisa. Uma udinga into ecacile, ithuluzi elingenhla linenkinobho ecela ibrowser yakho i-GPS, esebenza kuphela ngemvume yakho futhi ifunda amahadware edivayisi yakho, hhayi i-IP yakho.

Ubani ongabona i-IP yakho, futhi yini eguqulwa i-VPN

Yonke iseva oxhuma nayo ibona i-IP yakho yasemphakathini — amawebhusayithi, amaseva emidlalo, abathumeli be-imeyili, noma ubani okholini yakho ye-peer-to-peer. Kulokho bangaqagela umhlinzeki wakho nesifunda esingacacile, futhi kuphela lapho — igama lakho, umlando namafayela akho awahambi nakho. Kuseduze nekheli lokubuyisela envilophini kunesikhiye sendlu yakho.

Uma ungathandi ukunikeza ikheli lakho langempela, i-VPN noma i-proxy iqondisa ithrafikhi yakho ngomxhumanisi, ngakho amasayithi abona ikheli laleso seva futhi indawo yakho ibonakala ithuthile. Sebenzisa leli thuluzi ku-VPN ivuliwe futhi lizoyokubika ikheli le-VPN — indlela esheshayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi eyakho ifihliwe.

Amakheli angaguquki naguquguqukayo

Uxhumo oluningi lwasekhaya luthola i-IP eguquguqukayo: umhlinzeki wakho unikeza elinye eliqhamuka eqoqweni futhi angase alishintshe ngemuva kokuqala kabusha noma isikhathi selayisensi siphelile — ekusebenziseni kwansuku zonke, akubonakali. I-IP engaguquki ihlala injalo, isiza uma ubambe iseva, ufinyelele ikhamera ekude noma ubhalise ikheli endaweni ethile, nakuba abahlinzeki bevame ukubiza okwengeziwe. Uma i-IP yakho ibukeka ihlukile namuhla kunayizolo, ukwabelwa okuguquguqukayo cishe kuyimbangela.

Ufuna ukumba ngokujulile? Bheka amarekhodi e-DNS ngemuva kwesizinda noma usebenzise ukuhlola i-WHOIS yesizinda ukubona ukuthi ubani osemuva kwegama.

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