Ukuhlola i-DNS: funda amarekhodi anoma yisiphi isizinda kubrowser yakho
Njalo lapho ubhala isizinda ebrowserini yakho, kunento okufanele iguqule leyo gama ibe yinombolo umshini ongayifinyelela. Leyo nto i-DNS, iDomain Name System. Abantu bayibiza ngefonibhuku le-inthanethi, futhi lokho kufaniswa kuqinile: wena ukhumbula igama, i-DNS ikhumbula ikheli. Ukuhlola i-DNS ukwenza nje ukubuza leyo fonibhuku umbuzo bese ufunda impendulo.
Leli thuluzi likuvumela ukwenza kanye lokho. Bhala noma yisiphi isizinda, futhi likhipha amarekhodi asaphila lesizinda esiwashicilelayo — amakheli, amaseva emeyili, amaseva egama nokunye — ngqo kusuka esixazululi se-Cloudflare. Lifunda idatha yasemphakathini kuphela. Akukho lapha okushintsha isilungiselelo sesizinda; likhombisa nje lokho umhlaba osekukubona kakade.
Yini ukuhlola okukutshela khona ngempela
Isizinda asigcini ulwazi olulodwa nje. Sigcina iqoqo elincane lamarekhodi, ngalinye linomsebenzi walo. Amanye aqondisa amabrowser kuseva yewebhu. Amanye aqondisa i-imeyili. Amanye afakazela ezinye izinsizakalo ukuthi ulawula isizinda. Uma wenza ukuhlola uwathola wonke ngasikhathi sinye, yingakho kuyinto yokuqala iningi labaphathi belifuna uma kukhona okonakalayo. Uma isayithi lingavuli noma i-imeyili igibela, amarekhodi avame ukukutshela ukuthi kungani ngaphambi kokuba uthinte ngisho neseva eyodwa.
Izinhlobo zamarekhodi, ngokucacile
Akudingekile ukuwakhumbula wonke, kodwa aliqoqo aqhamuka njalo:
- I-A ne-AAAA amarekhodi amakheli. Irekhodi le-A liqondisa igama likheli le-IPv4 njenge-203.0.113.10; irekhodi le-AAAA lenza okufanayo esikhaleni esisha nesikhulu kakhulu se-IPv6. Yilezi eziqondisa ibrowser kuseva yewebhu yangempela. Uma ufuna ukumba lapho leyo kheli lihlala khona, ithuluzi lethu lokuhlola i-IP likhombisa umhlinzeki nendawo elinganiselwe engemuva kwalo.
- Amarekhodi e-MX aphatha i-imeyili. Aqamba amaseva amukela i-imeyili yesizinda, futhi ngalinye linenombolo yokubalulekile ukuze amaseva athumelayo azi ukuthi yiliphi okufanele ozama kuqala. Uma kungekho rekhodi le-MX elisebenzayo, akukho i-imeyili engenayo — kunembile kanjalo.
- Amarekhodi e-NS ahlela amaseva egama anegunya phezu kwesizinda. Yiwo amaseva agcina ikhophi yangempela, esemthethweni yakho konke okunye. Uma wake wathuthela isizinda emhlinzekini omusha, amarekhodi e-NS yiwo owawuwashintsha.
- Amarekhodi e-TXT awumbhalo ovulekile, okwenza abe namandla ngokuthula. Athwala imithetho ye-SPF ne-DKIM etshela amaseva emeyili amukelayo ukuthi yiliphi ithumela elisemthethweni, kanye nezintambo zokuqinisekisa izinsizakalo ezinjenge-Google noma i-Microsoft ezicela ukuba uzengeze ukuze zikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unobunikazi besizinda.
- Amarekhodi e-CNAME aziya-alias. Esikhundleni sekheli, i-CNAME iqondisa igama elilodwa kwelinye — isibonelo, i-www iqondisa esizindeni esingenalutho — ukuze zihlale ziya endaweni efanayo. Shintsha okuqondiselwe kanye futhi wonke ama-alias ayakulandela.
Kungani lokhu kuhlola kuyimfihlo
Iningi lokuhlola kwenzeka nge-DNS evamile, engabethelwe. Noma ubani ohlezi phakathi kwakho nesixazululi — inethiwekhi yakho, umhlinzeki wakho — angabona ukuthi yiziphi izizinda obuzayo. Leli thuluzi lisebenzisa i-DNS-over-HTTPS esikhundleni salokho. Umbuzo wakho uhamba ngaphakathi kuxhumo olujwayelekile olubethelwe lwe-HTTPS oluya ku-Cloudflare, uhlobo olufanayo loxhumo olusebenzisa noma yiliphi iwebhusayithi eliphephile. Kunoma yini ebhekayo ecingweni, kubukeka njengethrafikhi evamile yewebhu, hhayi uhlu lwezizinda okuzifunayo. Uthola izimpendulo ezifanayo, kodwa ngaphandle kokusakaza imibuzo.
Yini abantu abalisebenzisela yona
Izizathu zansuku zonke ziyaqondakala. Uma i-imeyili iyeka ukufika, ukuhlola amarekhodi e-MX ne-TXT yisinyathelo sokuqala — iseva ye-imeyili engekho noma umugqa we-SPF owephukile uchaza iningi lezinkinga zokulethwa. Uma usanda kushintsha irekhodi, ukuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi inani elisha selisebenza yini; ngoba izixazululi zigcina izimpendulo zakudala kuze kube i-TTL iphele, izinguquko zithatha isikhathi ukusabalala, futhi ukubona inani elisha lapha kuyaduduza. Futhi uma ufuna nje ukwazi ukuthi ubani ohostela isayithi, amarekhodi e-A ne-NS akunikeza impendulo. Hlanganisa lokhu ne-thuluzi lethu lokuhlola isizinda lokubhaliswa nemininingwane ye-WHOIS, futhi uzoba nesithombe esiphelele kunikelwe indlela isizinda esibunjwe ngayo.
Akukho kulokhu okudinga ilayini yemiyalo noma i-akhawunti. Bhala igama, funda amarekhodi, uqhubeke. Yileyo yonke into ephathelene nokugcina kubrowser.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa
Yini ukuhlola kwe-DNS?
Kuyinqubo yokubuza iseva ye-DNS ukuthi yiwaphi amarekhodi isizinda esiwashicilelayo bese uwafunda ebuyile. Leli thuluzi likwenza ngokuphila likhombise amarekhodi e-A, AAAA, MX, NS, TXT ne-CNAME anoma yiliphi igama olifakayo.
Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani izinguquko ze-DNS ukuze zibonakale?
Kuncike ku-TTL yerekhodi. Iningi lezinguquko livela emahoreni ambalwa, kodwa izinguquko zeseva yegama zingathatha amahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-48 ngoba izixazululi emhlabeni wonke zigcina inani lakudala kuze kube liyaphela.
Kungani i-imeyili yami ingafiki?
Qala ngokuhlola amarekhodi e-MX, aqamba amaseva emeyili esizinda. Bese uhlola amarekhodi e-TXT we-SPF ne-DKIM. Irekhodi le-MX elingekho noma umugqa we-SPF owephukile yimbangela evame kakhulu yezinkinga zokulethwa.
Yini umehluko phakathi kwerekhodi le-A ne-CNAME?
Irekhodi le-A liqondisa igama ngqo kukheli le-IP. I-CNAME iqondisa igama kwelinye igama, isebenza njenge-alias, ngakho lihlala liya lapho okuqondiselwe kwalo kuya khona.
Ingabe leli thuluzi liyayishintsha i-DNS yami?
Cha. Lifunda amarekhodi asemphakathini kuphela nge-DNS-over-HTTPS. Alikwazi ukuhlela, ukwengeza noma ukususa noma yini esilungiselelweni sesizinda sakho.
Yini i-DNS-over-HTTPS eyenzela ubumfihlo bakho?
Iphakela umbuzo wakho we-DNS ngaphakathi kuxhumo olubethelwe lwe-HTTPS, ukuze inethiwekhi yakho nomhlinzeki wakho bangakwazi ukubona ukuthi yiziphi izizinda ozifunayo. Ithrafikhi ibukeka njengokushayela iwebhu okuvamile okuphephile.