Ithebula Lezikhathi Elichaziwe

Indlela yokufunda ithebula lezinsimbi ezimbalwa (periodic table)

Ithebula lezinsimbi ezimbalwa (periodic table) elinye lezifinyezo ezinamandla kunazo zonke esayensini. Kushadi elilodwa lihlela zonke izakhi ezaziwayo zamakhemikhali, kusukela ku-hydrogen kuya ku-oganesson, egridini elikutshela ukuthi isakhi ngasinye siziphatha kanjani ngaphambi kokuba usithinte ngisho elabhorethri. Inguqulo ekulesi khasi ikhombisa zonke izakhi ezingu-118, futhi iseli ngalinye lingacindezelwa ukuze uvule imininingwane yesakhi esisodwa. Uma usuqonda indlela igridi elakhiwe ngayo, lowo mgqele wamabhokisi uphenduka imephu efundekayo yenoma yini eyinto ngokwayo.

Indlela ithebula lihlelwe ngayo

Umthetho owodwa ongemuva kwesakhiwo sonke i-nombolo ye-athomu — inani lama-proton enkabeni ye-athomu. Izakhi zisohlwini ngokulandelana kokwenyuka kwenombolo ye-athomu, kuqala ku-1 (hydrogen) kuphele ku-118 (oganesson). Njengoba i-athomu engathinteki inayo ama-elektroni amaningi njengama-proton, inombolo ye-athomu ikutshela futhi ukuthi isakhi sinamalektroni amangaki.

Kulokho kuhlelwa kuvela izigaba ezimbili ozifunda ngokwahlukene:

• Amaphesenti (Periods) yimigqa evundlile. Kunayo eyisikhombisa. Njengoba wehla usuka kwelinye iphesenti uye kwelilandelayo, ama-athomu athola olunye ushubhu lwe-elektroni, ngakho izakhi eziphansi kwithebula ngokuvamile zikhulu futhi zisinda ukwedlula.
• Amaqembu (Groups) yimigqa emile, ibalwe kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-18. Izakhi eqenjini elilodwa zabelana ngenani elifanayo lama-elektroni angaphandle (valence), yingakho zivamise ukusabela ngendlela efanayo. Izinsimbi zeqembu 1 zaziwa ngokusabela kakhulu; iqembu 18, amagesi angasabeli (noble gases), acishe angabi nakusabela ngoba ushubhu lwawo lwangaphandle lugcwele.

Lokho kukhethwa kwakhiwo okukodwa — ukubeka izakhi ezinama-elektroni afanayo angaphandle emgqeni owodwa — yikho okwenza ithebula libe "eliphindaphindekayo" (periodic). Ukuziphatha kwamakhemikhali kuyaphinda ngezikhathi ezilinganiselwe njengoba inombolo ye-athomu yenyuka.

Yini ongayifunda eselini elilodwa

Ibhokisi ngayinye igxumeka amaqiniso amaningana endaweni encane. Ngokuvamile uzothola i-uphawu lwamakhemikhali enkabeni (uhlamvu olulodwa noma amabili, njengo-O kwe-oxygen noma i-Na kwe-sodium), i-nombolo ye-athomu phezu kwalo, kanye ne-massa ye-athomu ngezansi. I-massa ye-athomu icishe ibe isisindo esihlanganisiwe sama-proton nama-neutron, silinganiswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesakhi ezitholakala ngokwemvelo, yingakho ngokuvamile ingeyona inombolo ephelele.

Kumaqembu amakhulu kunendlela elula: inombolo yeqembu ivamise ukuveza inani lama-elektroni e-valence. Izakhi zeqembu 1 zinelilodwa, ezeqembu 2 zinamabili, futhi kusukela eqenjini 13 kuya phambili idijithi yokugcina iyahambisana — iqembu 14 linane, iqembu 17 linesikhombisa, kanti iqembu 18 ngokuvamile linesishiyagalombili (i-helium iyisibonelo esaziwayo esiyisilibaziso, sinoshubhu olugcwele lwezimbili kuphela).

Izinsimbi, izinto ezingezona izinsimbi, kanye nama-metalloids

Landela iso lakho endleleni egingqikayo eqala eduze kwe-boron futhi yehle iye ku-polonium. Lowo mgqa uhlukanisa ithebula kalula kube imindeni emithathu.

Izinsimbi zihlala kwesobunxele futhi zenza iningi lethebula. Ziyakhazimula, zingamaconductor amahle wokushisa nogesi, ziyanwebeka (ungazishaya zibe ngamashidi) futhi ziyadonseka (ungazidonsa zibe intambo). Cishe zonke ziqinile ngesikhathi sesigaba sasekhaya, ne-mercury iyisibonelo esaziwayo esingamanzi. Izinto ezingezona izinsimbi ziqoqana kwesokudla phezulu. Zivamise ukuba amaconductor amabi, ziphuke lula lapho ziqinile, futhi eziningi zingamagesi. Ama-metalloids — njenge-silicon ne-germanium — ancike endleleni egingqikayo futhi ahlanganisa izici zombili, yingakho i-silicon ibalulekile kakhulu kuma-semiconductor.

Amaphethini aphindaphindekayo ngamazwi alula

Igridi akulikhabhinethi lokugcina amafayela nje; indawo yalo ikhombisa indlela izici eziguquka ngayo. Amaphethini amabili afanele ukwaziwa.

Iradiyasi ye-athomu yisilinganiso esingaphelele sobukhulu be-athomu. Uma uhamba kusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla ephesentini, ngokuvamile iyancipha, ngoba isinyathelo ngasinye singeza i-proton edonsa ama-elektroni ngokuqinile. Uma uhamba phansi eqenjini, iyakhula, ngoba iphesenti ngalinye elisha lingeza olunye ushubhu lwe-elektroni.

I-electronegativity ikala ukuthi i-athomu idonsa kanjani ngokuqinile ama-elektroni ahlanganyelwe kubhondi. Ngokuvamile iyenyuka njengoba uhamba kwesokudla ephesentini futhi iyehla njengoba uhamba phansi eqenjini, ngakho ukudonsa okuqinile kunazo zonke kuhlala kwesokudla phezulu (i-fluorine iyisibonelo esaziwayo esihamba phambili). Ukwazi lezi zigaba kukuvumela ukubikezela, isibonelo, ukuthi izakhi ezimbili zinamathuba yini okwakha ibhondi ye-ionic noma ye-covalent ngaphandle kokugcina engqondweni yonke impendulo.

Kungani kubalulekile kubafundi

Kunoma ubani ofunda ikhemistri, ithebula liyithebula lokugcaza ovunyelwe ukulisebenzisa. Esikhundleni sokugcina engqondweni ukuziphatha kwezakhi ezingu-118 zilinganiselwe, ufunda isakhiwo kanye bese ucabangela ngendawo. Udinga ukulinganisa ifomula, ubikezele isabelo, noma ulinganisele umthamo we-molecule? Izinsindo zama-athomu zilapho khona. Hlanganisa nama-thebula wethu wereferensi ngedatha ehlobene, futhi usebenzise ama-calculators yethu uma inkinga isiba yezinombolo. Ithebula lezinsimbi ezimbalwa liklomelisa ukuqonda hhayi ukugcina engqondweni — yikho kanye okulenza ithuluzi eliqinile ngempela.

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