Inani Le-Platinum Isheshi Eliphilayo

Iplatinamu: insimbi eyigugu ehlala nangaphansi kwemoto yakho

Iplatinamu ingenye yezinsimbi eziyigugu ezingavamile kakhulu emhlabeni, ivelakancane kunegolide, kodwa iningi layo alifiki evaultini noma endandathweni. Ichitha impilo yayo yokusebenza ngaphakathi kwama-catalytic converter, indandatho kanye nohla olukhulayo lwemishini yamafemu neyamandla ahlanzekile. Lokho kuhlukana kobuntu, uhhafu uyindlela yokugcina inani noyisibonelo samafemu, yiyona kanye into eyenza intengo yayo ithakazelise. Ishadi eliphila elingenhla lilandelela iplatinamu ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi isifinyezo sokuhlaziywa kwezobuchwepheshe sicutshungula amaphawu avamile abe ukufunda okusheshayo. Leli khasi lakhelwe ukulandelela nokuqonda imakethe, hhayi ukwenza ukuhweba, ngakho akukho lutho okumele ubhalise kulo.

Iplatinamu iyini ngempela

Iplatinamu iyinsimbi engathi ilenga, esimhlophe ekhanya njengesiliva, emelana nokudleka, ibekezelela ukushisa okukhulu futhi ayimane iba ne-tarnish. Iyona edume kakhulu kwizinsimbi eziyisithupha zeqoqo le-platinum (i-PGM), umndeni ohlanganisa nepalladium, i-rhodium, i-iridium, i-ruthenium, kanye ne-osmium. Lezi zinsimbi ngokuvamile zimbiwa ndawonye endaweni efanayo yamatshe kunokuba kube khona amamayini azinikele, yingakho izinhlanhla zazo zihlobene. Iplatinamu ibalwa nge-ounce ye-troy futhi ihwebelwa isikhathi sonke ngama-futures, izimakethe zamanje kanye namabha ezinhlamvu ngokoqobo.

Ukutholakala kweplatinamu unyaka nonyaka kuncane ngokwezinga lempahla, cishe amathani ambalwa amakhulu ngonyaka, ingxenye encane yokukhiqizwa kwegolide futhi iyi-rounding error uma iqhathaniswa nezinsimbi eziyisisekelo njengethusi. Ukuvelakancane lokho, kuhlanganiswe nokunzima kokuyikhipha, kusekela konke intengo eyikwenzayo.

Amabha eplatinamu akhanyayo eduze kwesheshadi lentengo elikhanyayo ngombala we-cyan negolide esizindeni esimnyama se-indigo navy, isimo somoya sensimbi ephakeme, epholile — Iplatinamu ivelakancane kunegolide, kodwa iningi layo lidliwa amafemu kunokugcinwa.

Iplatinamu isetshenziselwani

Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kunakho konke kweplatinamu ama-autocatalyst. Ngaphakathi kwe-catalytic converter yemoto, isendo esincane seplatinamu (nabomzala bayo i-palladium ne-rhodium) siyasheshisa i-chemistry eguqula amagesi ashisayo omoya angcolile abe amanye angeqondile, kusiza izimoto zihlangabezane nemithetho eqinile yokungcolisa umoya. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule umkhakha wamamoto ubalwe cishe ku-36% kuya ku-44% wesidingo seplatinamu, iplatinamu ithandwa kakhulu ezinjinini ze-diesel. Emva kwamamoto kulandele izicebo, lapho ukumhlophe kanye nokuqina kweplatinamu kuyenza ibe inketho eyigugu, kanye nokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwamafemu: ama-catalyst okucwenga i-chemical ne-petroleum, ukukhiqizwa kwengilazi, i-electronics, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha.

Umthombo okhulunywa kakhulu ngawo wesidingo sesikhathi esizayo i-hydrogen. Iplatinamu ihlala embikwazi womnotho we-hydrogen, isetshenziswa zombili ku-electrolyser eyahlukanisa amanzi abe hydrogen kanye ne-fuel cell eyibuyisela ibe ugesi. Njengoba imibuso namafemu etshala kumandla ahlanzekile, lolo sidingo lulindeleke ukukhula, nakuba lusesincane uma kuqhathaniswa nemoto nezicebo namuhla.

Yini eshukumisa intengo yeplatinamu

Iplatinamu idonswa ngezindlela ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa, umuzwa wensimbi eyigugu kanye nesidingo esiqinile samafemu. Imikhono emikhulu kufanele iyaziwe.

Isidingo samamoto nemithetho yokungcolisa umoya. Ngoba izimoto umthombo omkhulu wesidingo, noma yini eshintsha ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto, umxube we-diesel-ne-petrol, noma umthetho wokungcolisa umoya ingena ngqo eplatinamu. Amazinga aqinile ngokuvamile asho isinsimbi esiningi esifakwa nge-converter.
Ukutholakala okuqinile, okuncishisiwe. Cishe amaphesenti angu-75 eplatinamu embiwa avela e-South Africa, ne-Russia ilandela kude. Lokho kuncishiswa kuyingcuphe yesakhiwo: izitraka, ukushoda kwamandla ku-grid ye-South Africa esindwe, noma izijeziso zingakwazi ukuqinisa ukutholakala ngokushesha. Ukukhiqizwa kwamamayini ase-South Africa kuncishisiwe eminyakeni yamuva, futhi imakethe iye yasebenza ngokushoda, okusho ukuthi isidingo sedlule ukutholakala okusha.
Idola lase-US. Iplatinamu ibalwa ngamadola, ngakho idola eliqinile livame ukucindezela intengo ngokwenza insimbi ibize kakhulu kubathengi abasebenzisa ezinye izimali, kuyilapho idola elibuthaka livame ukuyisekela. Ukwenyuka kwamanani nenqubomgomo yamazinga enzalo kubaluleke ngesizathu esifanayo esibalulekile negolide.
Ukufakwa esikhundleni ne-palladium. Iplatinamu ne-palladium zingafakana esikhundleni komunye komunye kuma-catalytic converter, ngakho igebe lentengo phakathi kwazo lishukumisa izinqumo zobunjiniyela. Uma i-palladium yakhuphuka kakhulu ngaphezu kweplatinamu, abakhiqizi bezimoto baphinde bakha ama-converter ukuze basebenzise iplatinamu eshibhile esikhundleni. Ungalandelela lolo hlangothi olunye lwentengiso kuleli khasi lethu lepalladium.

Lezi zinto ziyahlangana, yingakho iplatinamu ingashukumisa ngesihloko semayini noma ushintsho lomthetho ngaphambi kokuba noma yiliphi izibalo zesidingo ziqinisekise. Ungabona indlela ihlala ngayo phakathi kwamathuluzi ahlobene kuzonke izimakethe.

Iplatinamu neplaladium

Lezi zinsimbi ezimbili ziyizihlobo ze-chemistry eziseduze futhi ziyizitha eziqondile emakethe ye-autocatalyst, kodwa zibale ngezindlela ezahlukene ngokwesikhathi. Iplatinamu ngokomlando yayibiza kakhulu futhi iyinsimbi ye-diesel; i-palladium yathola indawo ngeminyaka yo-1990 ngoba yayishibhile futhi isebenza kahle ezinjinini ze-petrol. I-Palladium yase yakhuphuka yaya ekushodeni okude, yafinyelela phezulu ngasekuqaleni kuka-2022, isizwe imithetho eqinile yokungcolisa umoya kanye nokuphazamiseka mayelana ne-Russia, umkhiqizi omkhulu we-palladium. Leyo gebe lentengo yaphushela abakhiqizi bezimoto ukubuyisela iplatinamu esikhundleni, ukushintsha kufinyelela emakhulwini amaningi ezinkulungwane zama-ounce ngonyaka futhi kwasiza ukudonsela iplatinamu ekushodeni. Ukubuka isilinganiso se-platinamu-ne-palladium yenye indlela abatshalizimali abalinganisa ngayo lapho lowo mjikelezo wokufaka esikhundleni umi khona.

Umfanekiso ongaqondile okhanyayo we-catalytic converter kanye nomdwebo wemoto oshiwe ngombala we-cyan phezu kwe-navy emnyama nomugqa wentengo okhanya ngegolide — Iningi leplatinamu ligcina emakhulwini ama-catalytic converter, lapho incintisana ngqo ne-palladium.

Indlela yokufunda ishadi

Ishadi likhombisa intengo ngokwesikhathi, ngokuvamile njenge-candlesticks. Ikhandlela ngalinye limboza ingxenye eyodwa yesikhathi, futhi umzimba walo ubonisa lapho intengo yavuleka futhi yavaleka khona, kuyilapho ama-wick amancane ebonisa okuphezulu nokuphansi. Uhla lwamakhandlela enza okuphezulu okuphezulu kakhulu nokuphansi okuphezulu kakhulu kubonisa ukukhuphuka; okuphambene kubonisa ukwehla; ukugudluka ngokuvundlile kusho ukuthi imakethe ayinqumile. I-moving average ithambisa umugqa ukuze amandla abonakale kalula, futhi ama-support and resistance amazinga lapho abathengi noma abadayisi bengene khona ngokuphindaphindiwe, benza njengoba isicabha nophahla kuze kudabuke okukodwa. Shintsha isikhathi ukuze kufanele umbuzo wakho: ukubuka phakathi nosuku nokubuka iminyaka eminingi yentengo efanayo yeplatinamu kutshela izindaba ezahlukene kakhulu, futhi zombili ziyiqiniso. Isexwayiso esisodwa esiqotho, izikhombisi zichaza okuvele kwenzeka. Azibikezeli, futhi asikho isu elisebenza njalo.

Kwaziswa kuphela. Akukho lutho kuleli khasi oluyiseluleko sokutshala imali, futhi imininingwane yemakethe ingase ibambezeleke noma ingapheleli. Yenza ucwaningo lwakho ngaphambi kokwenza noma yisiphi isinqumo sezezimali.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Iplatinamu isetshenziselwani?

Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kunakho konke ama-autocatalyst kuma-catalytic converter emoto, ikakhulukazi ezinjinini ze-diesel, ezehlisa amagesi omoya angcolile ayingozi. Emva kwalokho kulandela izicebo kanye nezinye izinto zamafemu, kanye nendima ekhulayo kuma-electrolyser e-hydrogen kanye nama-fuel cell.

Ingabe iplatinamu ivelakancane kunegolide?

Yebo. Ukutholakala kwamamayini eplatinamu unyaka nonyaka kuncane kakhulu kunekwegolide, amathani ambalwa amakhulu ngonyaka kuphela. Ukuvelakancane lokho, kuhlanganiswe nokunzima kokuyikhipha, ukusekela okuqinile phansi kwentengo.

Yini eyenza intengo yeplatinamu ikhuphuke noma yehle?

Isidingo samamoto nemithetho yokungcolisa umoya, ukutholakala okuncishisiwe okugxile e-South Africa nase-Russia, amandla edola lase-US, kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni ne-palladium. Ngoba ukutholakala kuncishisiwe, izitraka zamamayini noma ukushoda kwamandla kungashintsha intengo ngokushesha.

Iyini umehluko phakathi kweplatinamu ne-palladium?

Zombili yizinsimbi zeqoqo le-platinum ezisetshenziswa ku-catalytic converter futhi zingafakana esikhundleni komunye komunye ngokwengxenye. Iplatinamu ivelakancane futhi ngokomlando yayibiza kakhulu futhi ithandwa ezinjinini ze-diesel, kuyilapho i-palladium yaba enkulu ku-catalyst ye-petrol. Igebe lentengo yazo lishukumisa ukufakwa esikhundleni phakathi kwazo.

Iningi leplatinamu livelaphi?

Cishe amaphesenti angu-75 eplatinamu embiwa avela e-South Africa, i-Russia ingumkhiqizi olandelayo omkhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuncishiswa kusho ukuthi izitraka, izinkinga zamandla, noma izijeziso kulezo zifunda kungaqinisa ukutholakala futhi kukhuphule intengo.

Ingabe noma yikuphi kwalokhu kuyiseluleko sokutshala imali?

Cha. I-speedor.net ikhombisa intengo yeplatinamu neshadi kwaziswa kuphela. Yenza njalo ucwaningo lwakho futhi ucabangele iseluleko sochwepheshe ngaphambi kokwenza noma yisiphi isinqumo sezezimali.